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| Six type of Vedanga |
The word Vedāṇga means - part of the Veda. Organs are the
means by which the nature of an object is known. The scope of Vedic literature
is very wide, Includes Vedāṇga, Sutra, Kramik and Vedic literature. The Vedāṇgas
were created in the last part of the Vedic age.These Vedāṇga shots were
composed by Muni Rishi.
It is necessary to have knowledge of different Vedas about the word sense of Veda, sense of meaning, rules of reading etc. Vedāṇga six. Namely - Śikśa,Vyākarana,Chanda, Nirukta,Jyotiṣa, Kalpa. The first two of them are for reading the Vedas, the next two are for meaning and the last two are for the last two Vedic rituals. Panini Śikśa is imagined as a Vedic man, Chanda as his feet, Kalpa as his hand, Jyotish as his eyes, Nirukta as his ears, Śikśa as his nose and Vyākarana as his face.
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| Vedāṇga śloka |
Vedāṇga is called Aparah Vidya. Aparah means the queen of
knowledge other than Brahma Vidya. Historians believe that this Vedāṇga was
written before the Upanishads.
Śikśa (Phonetics) - The system of reciting the infallible
recitation of Vedic mantras and the Vedas in order to understand the meaning of
the Vedas in the right way has given rise to 6 Vedāṇgas. Among them is the
phonetic science of the Vedas. The Vedic mantras of this scripture give advice
on the rules of proper pronunciation such as letter knowledge and tone of
voice. In order to pronounce the Vedic mantras properly, it is necessary to
know the difference between the Hrasa-Dīrgha-Pluta vowel levels, the correct
pronunciation of the Udātta,Anudātta and Swarita, the place of pronunciation of
different letters, etc. These are topics of education. If the Veda mantra is
not pronounced correctly, it becomes distorted, and if the mantra is distorted
in any way in the yajña, the quality of yama is not gained, but the rest is
obtained.
We can mention the ancient Prātisakṣya texts as the
oldest form of Śikśa Śāstra. Some of the main Prātisakṣya texts are - Rigveda Prātisakṣya
of Śaunaka, Taittiriya Prātisakṣya Sutra of Kriṣna Yajurveda, . In these books of
Prātisakṣya class, there is a lot of discussion about the Varna (letters),Mātrā
(levels),Prayatna (endings),Svara (tones), etc. of Vedic mantras. Among the
educational texts available at present are the Nārada Śikśa of the Sāma Veda,
the Yāgyabalka Śikśa of the Śulka Yajurveda and the Mandukiya Śikśa of the
Atharva Veda.
The 8 parts of education have been described in the
Tittiriya Upanishad. Such as
Varnah,Svarah,Mātrā,Balam,Sāma,Santān,Ityuktah,Śikṣadyaya .
Vyākarana (Grammar) - "Mukhaṁ Vyākaranaṁ Smritaṁ"
means grammar which is referred to as the mouth of the Vedic man. Grammar has a
special utility in judging nonsense. Grammar is necessary for the knowledge of
the sanctity of the verse. Grammar determines the nature and meaning of a term
by determining the actual, suffix. For this, grammar is helpful and a part of
bed knowledge. The great commentator Patanjali in his book has acknowledged the
predominance of grammar among all the Vedas. Knowledge of language is not
possible without knowledge of various subjects like grammar like word form,
metal form, nature, suffix, conjunction, conjunction etc. For this reason,
knowledge of grammar is essential for the proper knowledge of the Vedas. At
present, all the books on grammar available are known to be the oldest by
Maharshi Panini.
Chanda (Vedic meter)-Veda mantra utterance has the utility of
rhyme scripture. Most of the Vedic mantras meter. Apart from the prose mantras
of the Yajurveda, almost all the mantras of the next three Saṁhitā are written
in verse. Vedic meter Relying on the number of syllables depend Niruktakar Yaska
says that the meter covers the sinful deeds of men – Chandāṁ si Chādanāt. The
number of major Vedic verses is seven-Gāyetrī, Uṣnik, Anustup, Brihatī, Paṇkti,
Tristup, Jagati. Among them Gayatri Chanda is main and short letters, its
number of letters is 24. There are 6 letters in each of the three verses.
Example of Gayatri Chanda
- Agnimīle Purohitaṁ = 7 letters, Yajñasya DevamRitvijaṁ
= 8 letters, Hotāraṁ Ratnadhātamṁ = 8 letters. The oldest surviving book on Vedic meter at the present time is " Chanda: Sutras" by Piṇgal Muni.
Nirukta (Explanation)- Vedāṇga is necessary for Nirukta Vedic Mantra.
The origin of difficult words is to judge their past meanings and to observe
their application. The wisdom of grammar is found but the wisdom of Nirukta is
shown according to the meaning and the meaning and application of the wisdom of
grammar is shown with the quotation of Vedic mantra or mantra. So Nirukta is
simultaneously a Vedic word cell and a mantra commentary. Acharya Yāska is the
author of Nirukta. Before his Nirukta composition, there was a class of books
called Vighantu. So that the meaning has been compiled in the Vedic without
waiting for the text. This is the oldest dictionary in the world. Jāska's
Nirukta is the explanation book of this Nighantu. It shows the past meaning of
the word Rashi, which is quoted in Nighantu. In many cases, Nirukta has
explained the Vedic mantras in order to explain what the Vedic verses, mantras
and special meanings have meant. Not only this, in the Nirukta text, Jāska has
discussed in detail about the eternity of judgment and deity theory of the
words name, unknown, prefix, destruction etc. In his book, Jāska gives a
natural explanation of the origin of the Vedic deities, and the doctrine that
many of the Vedic deities are not in fact separate deities is a part of the same
great soul, i.e. Paramatma.
Jyotiṣa (Astrology) - Astrology is closely related to the
Vedic Yajña rituals. Usefulness of Jyotiṣa for knowledge of Vedic sacrifices.
Knowledge of every listener, housework-related fund, stars, solstice and
sambattasara is essential. For example, Darshapurnamas, Yāga is held on Darsha
i.e. New Moon and Purnamas i.e. on the date of Purnima (full moon night)
respectively. Therefore, even without proper knowledge of the year, month, day,
season, etc., all these Vedic rituals are not possible. According to the
Taittiriya Brahman, in addition to the rituals of Yajña, the real meaning of
many Vedic mantras requires knowledge of months, years, seasons, stars, etc.
This is the origin and spread of the Vedāṇga form of Jyotiṣa. Later the
position of the planets and stars influenced the bed of Indian astrology gained
considerable fame.
Kalpa(Ritual canon)- Kalpa Shastra is Vedāṇga about Vedic rituals. The
process of Vedic rituals is briefly described in the kalpa. So Vedic Yajña
rituals are followed by Vedāṇga called Kalpa. The etymology of the word kalpa
is the last meaning - by which the application of yāga is imaginary i.e.
supported. Kalpa Shastra has similarities with Brahman in terms of content.
Kalpa Shastra can be called the short version of Brahman. The details of
Brahman Yāga Yajña are very extensive and rich in many legends. The Kalpa
Shastra originated for the purpose of keeping in mind only the necessary rules
and regulations, eliminating the redundancy of the details of the vast volume
of Brahman deeds. This is why the kalpa shastras were written in formulaic form.
The names of sages like Aśvalāyan, Sāṇkhyāyan, Boudhāyan, Kātyāyan, Āpastamba
etc. are found as the creators of Kalpa Shāstra.
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